Phonology: Introduction to Minimal Distinctions 2.1
This exercise is designed to be an introduction to distinguishing phonemes by noting the feature that differentiates one from the other; it includes phonemes of languages from around the world.
For each set of phonemes, state the feature that the two phonemes do not share, or, in other words, state the minimal distinction.
Ex: /p/ vs. /b/
The one feature that distinguishes these sounds from each other is voicing.
/p/ /b/
bilabial yes yes
plosive yes yes
+voice NO yes
For each of the following questions, select the feature that distinguishes one phoneme from the other.
POA – place of articulation
MOA – manner of articulation
For each set of phonemes, state the feature that the two phonemes do not share, or, in other words, state the minimal distinction.
Ex: /p/ vs. /b/
The one feature that distinguishes these sounds from each other is voicing.
/p/ /b/
bilabial yes yes
plosive yes yes
+voice NO yes
For each of the following questions, select the feature that distinguishes one phoneme from the other.
POA – place of articulation
MOA – manner of articulation
Start
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Question 1 |
Which feature diferentiates /o/ and /ɔ/?
A | round Hint: These phones share identical features except for tensity (they are both [+back], [-high, -low] or mid and round). /o/ is tense, and /ɔ/ is lax. |
B | tensity |
C | backness Hint: These phones share identical features except for tensity (they are both [+back], [-high, -low] or mid and round). /o/ is tense, and /ɔ/ is lax. |
Question 2 |
Which feature differentiates /e/ and /i/?
A | backness Hint: These phones share identical features except for height (they are both tense and [-back]. /i/ is [+high] and /e/ is [–high, -low] (mid). |
B | height |
C | tensity Hint: These phones share identical features except for height (they are both tense and [-back]. /i/ is [+high] and /e/ is [–high, -low] (mid). |
Question 3 |
Which feature differentiates /f/ and /s/?
A | MOA Hint: These phones share identical features except for the POA (they are both voiceless fricatives). /f/ is labiodental, and /s/ is alveolar. |
B | POA |
C | voicing Hint: These phones share identical features except for the POA (they are both voiceless fricatives). /f/ is labiodental, and /s/ is alveolar. |
Question 4 |
Which feature differentiates /ɸ/ and /β/?
A | POA Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing (they are both bilabial fricatives). /ɸ/ [+voice], and /β/ is [-voice]. |
B | MOA Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing (they are both bilabial fricatives). /ɸ/ [+voice], and /β/ is [-voice]. |
C | voicing |
Question 5 |
Which feature differentiates /s/ and /ʃ/?
A | poa |
B | moa Hint: These phones share identical features except for poa (they are both [-voice] fricatives). /s/ is alveolar and / ʃ / is post-alveolar. |
C | voicing Hint: These phones share identical features except for poa (they are both [-voice] fricatives). /s/ is alveolar and / ʃ / is post-alveolar. |
Question 6 |
Which feature differentiates/ʃ/ and /ʒ/?
A | MOA Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing (they are both post-alveolar fricatives). /ʃ/ is [-voice], and /ʒ/ is [+voice]. |
B | voicing |
C | POA Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing (they are both post-alveolar fricatives). /ʃ/ is [-voice], and /ʒ/ is [+voice]. |
Question 7 |
Which feature differentiates /t/ and /s/?
A | POA Hint: These phones share identical features except for MOA (they are both [-voice] alveolar sounds). /t/ is a stop/plosive, and /s/ is a fricative. |
B | voicing Hint: These phones share identical features except for MOA (they are both [-voice] alveolar sounds). /t/ is a stop/plosive, and /s/ is a fricative. |
C | MOA |
Question 8 |
Which feature distinguishes /ɰ/ and /ʋ/?
A | voicing Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing. (they are both approximants and thus [+voice]) /ɰ/ is velar, and /ʋ/ is labiodental. |
B | POA |
C | MOA Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing. (they are both approximants and thus [+voice]) /ɰ/ is velar, and /ʋ/ is labiodental. |
Question 9 |
Which feature differentiates /e/ and /ɤ/?
A | backness |
B | rounding Hint: These phones share identical features except for back (they are both [-high, -low] and [-round]). /e/ is [-back], and /ɤ/ is [+back.] |
C | height Hint: These phones share identical features except for back (they are both [-high, -low] and [-round]). /e/ is [-back], and /ɤ/ is [+back.] |
Question 10 |
Which feature differentiates /k/ and /g/?
A | voicing |
B | MOA Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing (they are both bilabial stops). /k/ is [-voice], and /g/ is [+voice]. |
C | POA Hint: These phones share identical features except for voicing (they are both bilabial stops). /k/ is [-voice], and /g/ is [+voice]. |
Question 11 |
Which feature differentiates /ɛ/ and /œ/?
A | backness Hint: These phones share identical features except for rounding (they are both [-back] and [-high, -low] or mid). /ɛ/ is [+round], and /œ/ is [-round]. |
B | height Hint: These phones share identical features except for rounding (they are both [-back] and [-high, -low] or mid). /ɛ/ is [+round], and /œ/ is [-round]. |
C | rounding |
Question 12 |
Which feature differentiates /ʏ/ and /y/?
A | backness Hint: These phones share identical features except for tensity (they are both [+high, -back). /ʏ/ is lax, and /y/ is tense. |
B | tensity |
C | height Hint: These phones share identical features except for tensity (they are both [+high, -back). /ʏ/ is lax, and /y/ is tense. |
Question 13 |
Which feature differentiates /æ/ and /ɑ/?
A | backness |
B | rounding Hint: These phones share identical features except for backness (they are both [+low] and [-round]. /æ/ is [-back] and /ɑ/ is [+back]. |
C | height Hint: These phones share identical features except for backness (they are both [+low] and [-round]. /æ/ is [-back] and /ɑ/ is [+back]. |
Question 14 |
Which feature differentiates /z/ and /l/?
A | POA Hint: These phones share identical features except for MOA (they are both [+voice] alveolar sounds). /z/ is a fricative and /l/ is a liquid. |
B | voicing Hint: These phones share identical features except for MOA (they are both [+voice] alveolar sounds). /z/ is a fricative and /l/ is a liquid. |
C | MOA |
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