Phonology: Phonological Alternations 2.1
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Question 1 |
Tamazight Berber
What type of rule is displayed in the reflexive prefix alternation: /m, n/ ?
/m-xazar/ ‘scowl’ /n-fara/ ‘disentangle’
/m-saggal/ ‘look for’ /n-ħaʃʃam/ ‘be shy’
/m-ʃ̙awar/ ‘ask advice’ /n-xalaf/ ‘place crosswise’
/mː-ʒla/ ‘to lose’ /n-kaddab/ ‘consider a liar’
A | dissimilation |
B | assimilation Hint: The data set displays dissimilation such that the prefix /m/ [+labial] becomes [n] when it attaches to a root containing a [+labial]. |
C | metathesis Hint: The data set displays dissimilation such that the prefix /m/ [+labial] becomes [n] when it attaches to a root containing a [+labial]. |
Question 2 |
Sardinian
What type of rule is displayed in the data set below?
/baka/ ‘cow’ → sa baca [sa ˈβaka] ‘the cow’
/dɔmu/ ‘house’ → sa domu [sa ˈðɔmu] ‘the house’
/ɡupu/ ‘ladle’ → su gupu [su ˈɣupu] ‘the ladle’
A | deletion Hint: The data set displays lenition (weakening) in that stops become fricatives when found inter-vocalically (between vowels).
/b/→ [β], /d/→ [ð], /ɡ/→ [ɣ] |
B | dissimilation Hint: The data set displays lenition (weakening) in that stops become fricatives when found inter-vocalically (between vowels).
/b/→ [β], /d/→ [ð], /ɡ/→ [ɣ] |
C | lenition |
Question 3 |
Hebrew obstruent clusters What type of rule is displayed in the data set below?
/lisˈɡor/→ [lizˈɡoʁ̞] 'to close'
/zχut/ →[sχut] 'a right'
/χeʃˈbon/→ [χeʒˈbon] 'a bill'
/madˈpeset/→ [matˈpeset] 'a printer'
/avtaˈχa/ →[aftaˈχa] 'security'
A | fortition Hint: When stops are adjacent, the feature of voicing spreads from left to right. In the example below, the [+vce] feature of /g/ spreads to the [-vce] /s/ causing it to surfcae as [+vce]: [z]. |
B | assimilation |
C | neutralization Hint: When stops are adjacent, the feature of voicing spreads from left to right. In the example below, the [+vce] feature of /g/ spreads to the [-vce] /s/ causing it to surfcae as [+vce]: [z].
ex: /lisˈɡor/→ [lizˈɡoʁ̞] 'to close'
This is assimilation. |
Question 4 |
Kitharaka (Bantu language spoken in Kenya)
What type of rule is displayed in the data set below?
/n + pandi/ → [mpandi] ‘grasshopper/grasshoppers’
A | assimilation |
B | metathesis Hint: Since the nasal /n/ becomes bilabial when preceding a bilabial stop, this is assimilation to place of articulation. The feature [+labial] spreads from /p/ to the nasal regressively. |
C | dissimilation Hint: Since the nasal /n/ becomes bilabial when preceding a bilabial stop, this is assimilation to place of articulation. The feature [+labial] spreads from /p/ to the nasal regressively. |
Question 5 |
Ancient Greek
What type of rule is displayed in the data set below?
/t ͪalassa/ → [θalassa] ‘sea’
/kͪ roma/ → [xroma] ‘color’
/biblos/ → [vivlos] ’book’
A | lenition |
B | fortition Hint: The data set displays lenition (weakening) in that word initial stops become fricatives, thus lessening the obstruction of airflow. The less constriction of the airstream, the 'weaker' the sound. |
C | deletion Hint: The data set displays lenition (weakening) in that word initial stops become fricatives, thus lessening the obstruction of airflow. No segments are omitted in the surface structure. |
Question 6 |
Albanian
Which rule is displayed in the data set below?
/sobe/ → [sop] ‘chimney’
/kembe/ → [kʊmp] ‘foot’
/ðëmbe/ → [ðʊmp] ‘tooth’
A | deletion Hint: This data show neutralization since all [+vce] word final stops become [-vce]. This occurs when /e/ is deleted at the end of the word. |
B | metathesis Hint: This data show neutralization since all [+vce] word final stops become [-vce]. This occurs when /e/ is deleted at the end of the word. |
C | neutralization |
Question 7 |
Mohawk (Jeremy Green) Ohsweken Dialect
What type of rule is displayed in the data set below?
/thikehthaɁ/ [tigedaɁ] ‘to do purposefully’
/tká:konteɁ/ [tká:gõdeɁ] ‘It must be”
/thiken/ [tigã] ‘that’
/kkehtáts/ [kgedáts] ‘to carry on the back with a strap’
/kà:tha/ [gà:tha] ‘it is the cause of it’
A | neutralization Hint: The velar stop /k/ becomes [+vce] or [g] when adjacent to a [+vce] segment. |
B | assimilation |
C | fortition Hint: The velar stop /k/ becomes [+vce] or [g] when adjacent to a [+vce] segment. |
