Psycholinguistics: Some Basics about Models of Speech Production 1.1

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This exercise will help you become more familiar with the basic material about early production models. The Speech Error and Chromomeric Traditions are addressed, including the following models of production: Fromkin, Garret, Levelt, Dell, and Roelof's WEAVER model. Respond to each question to the best of your ability.

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Question 1

A model that offers ‘fully cascading’ activation in any direction at any point of production is known as what?

A	Discrete Hint: A discrete model does not permit bi-directional activation between levels. Interactive encoding occurs when activation between levels in any direction is permitted.
B	Interactive Hint: Interactive encoding occurs when activation between levels in any direction is permitted.
C	Serial Hint: Serial implies that the steps of production occur in a series of steps. Interactive encoding occurs when activation between levels in any direction is permitted.

Question 2

Errors that occur within specific domains support which model?

A	Dell Hint: Dell’s Model, being interactive and fully cascading, is supported by blended errors, that include information from more than one level. Garret’s Model is supported by errors that occur within specific domains since it posits is a sequence of incremental and discrete processes, with no interaction between levels.
B	Garret Hint: Garret’s Model is supported by errors that occur within specific domains since it posits is a sequence of incremental and discrete processes, with no interaction between levels.
C	Roelof’s WEAVER Model Hint: Roelof’s WEAVER Model is supported by blended errors that involve the semantic and lexical levels, since interaction between the two is permitted. Garret’s Model is supported by errors that occur within specific domains since it posits is a sequence of incremental and discrete processes, with no interaction between levels.

Question 3

TOT (tip of the tongue) occurrences show a breakdown between which levels of production?

A	semantic and phonological Hint: TOTs involve a breakdown between the lexical and phonological levels due to the fact that selection at the lexical level was completed, however phonological encoding of the lexeme was not.
B	lexical and phonological Hint: Correct! TOTs involve a breakdown between the lexical and phonological levels due to the fact that selection at the lexical level was completed, however phonological encoding of the lexeme was not.

Question 4

Which model is known as the ‘two-step’ model and why?

A	Roelof's WEAVER Model Hint: Roelof's WEAVER Model WEAVER model has three levels. None of these are broken into two steps. Garrett’s model is referred to as the ‘two-step’ model since the sentence level is further separated into 2 sub-levels: the positional level and the functional level.
B	Fromkin Hint: Fromkin’s model has five levels. However, none of these are broken into and referred as ‘two step’. Garrett’s model is referred to as the ‘two-step’ model since the sentence level is further separated into 2 sub-levels: the positional level and the functional level.
C	Garrett Hint: Garrett’s model is referred to as the ‘two-step’ model since the sentence level is further separated into 2 sub-levels: the positional level and the functional level.

Question 5

Which models are of the speech error tradition?

A	Fromkin, Garrett, Roelof’s WEAVER model Hint: Roelof’s WEAVER model is of the chronometric tradition. Levelt, Garrett, and Fromkin’s models are all speech error models.
B	Levelt, Garrett, Fromkin Hint: Levelt, Garrett, and Fromkin’s models are all speech error models.
C	Levelt, Garrett, Dell Hint: Dell’s model is of the chronometric tradition. Levelt, Garrett, and Fromkin’s models are all speech error models.

Question 6

The ‘pre-verbal’ message is associated with which level of speech production?

A	Lexical Hint: At the lexical level, a word already been selected, will have semantic, lexical, and syntactic properties. A non-verbal concept will have semantic features however no lexical or phonological properties.
B	Semantic Hint: Correct! A non-verbal concept will have semantic features however no lexical or phonological properties.
C	Phonological Hint: The phonological level is where language-specific phonological rules are applied, as well as where motor functions. At this last stage of production, all information has been encoded. A non-verbal concept will have semantic features however no lexical or phonological properties.

Question 7

Which type of model would NOT account for the following speech error? ‘What did you do/how did that happen?’ is produced as ‘What did you happen?

A	serial Hint: A serial model cannot account for this type of error, since two separate phrases are being processed simultaneously. A parallel model accounts for how two alternate phrases can be processed concurrently.
B	parallel Hint: Correct! A serial model cannot account for this type of error, since two separate phrases are being processed simultaneously. A parallel model accounts for how two alternate phrases can be processed concurrently.

Question 8

True or false: A lemma contains semantic information, but no phonological information.

A	False Hint: This statement is actually true. A lemma is an abstract concept of a word, with semantic and syntactic information, but no phonological information.
B	True Hint: Correct! A lemma is an abstract concept of a word, with semantic and syntactic information, but no phonological information.

Question 9

Which model accounts for prosodic features such as stress and intonation?

A	Roelof's WEAVER model Hint: Correct!
B	Levelt Hint: Levelt’s model does not account for prosody. Roelof's WEAVER model accounts for prosody by positing a metric for stress assignment.
C	Dell Hint: Dell’s model does not account for prosody. Roelof's WEAVER model accounts for prosody by positing a metric for stress assignment.

Question 10

True or false: A lexeme has semantic and syntactic information, but no phonological information.

A	False Hint: Correct! A lexeme contains semantic properties, syntactic information, and phonological form.
B	True Hint: A lexeme contains semantic properties, syntactic information, and phonological form.

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Psycholinguistics: Some Basics about Models of Speech Production 1.1

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